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Sino-French War
The Sino-French War (, (フランス語:Guerre franco-chinoise), (ベトナム語:Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh)), also known as the Tonkin War and Tonquin War,〔See, for example, (Anonymous, "Named To Be Rear Admiral: Eventful and Varied Career of 'Sailor Joe' Skerrett," ''The New York Times'', April 19, 1894. )〕 was a limited conflict fought from August 1884 through April 1885, to decide whether France would supplant China's control of Tonkin (northern Vietnam). Although the Chinese armies performed better than in other nineteenth-century foreign wars and the war ended with French defeat on land,〔 the French gained most of the aims they wanted in the Treaty of Tientsin.〔Twitchett, ''Cambridge History of China'', xi. 251; Chere, 188–90; Eastman, 200–205〕
== Prelude ==
French interest in northern Vietnam dated from the late 18th century, when the political Catholic priest Pigneau de Behaine recruited French volunteers to fight for Nguyễn Ánh and help begin the Nguyễn Dynasty, in an attempt to gain privileges for France and for the Roman Catholic Church. France began its colonial campaign in 1858, annexing several southern provinces in 1862 to form the colony of Cochinchina.
French explorers followed the course of the Red River through northern Vietnam to its source in Yunnan, arousing hopes for a profitable trade route with China that could bypass the treaty ports of the Chinese coastal provinces.〔Thomazi, ''Conquête'', 105–7〕 The main obstacle to this idea, the Black Flag Army - a well-organized bandit force led by the formidable Liu Yongfu (Liu Yung-fu, 劉永福) - was levying exorbitant "taxes" on Red River trade between Sơn Tây and Lào Cai on the Yunnan border.
In 1873, a small French force commanded by Lieutenant de Vaisseau Francis Garnier, exceeding his instructions, intervened militarily in northern Vietnam. Following a series of French victories against the Vietnamese, the Vietnamese government called on Liu Yongfu's Black Flags, who defeated Garnier's force beneath the walls of Hanoi. Garnier was killed in this battle, and the French government later disavowed his expedition.〔Thomazi, ''Conquête'', 116–31〕
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